In Session 1, we discussed the first of Buddhism’s “Three Refuges”, the Buddha; in session 2, we discussed the Dhamma; and now in Thursday’s session, we will be looking at the third Refuge—the Sangha. I’m sorry that I haven’t been able to get a posting up with some relevant readings; I’ve been fighting a pulled muscle in my back, and it’s painful to sit at the computer for more than about 10 minutes. I do have the materials mostly ready for next week’s session, and I’ll have those posted by the weekend.

A typical Buddhist group session—a sitting or a dharma talk—opens with the participants “taking the three refuges”:

I take refuge in the Buddha
I take refuge in the Dhamma
I take refuge in the Sangha

For a second time, I take refuge in the Buddha
For a second time, I take refuge in the Dhamma
For a second time, I take refuge in the Sangha

For a third time, I take refuge in the Buddha
For a third time, I take refuge in the Dhamma
For a third time, I take refuge in the Sangha

That’s not like a religious person taking refuge in God, or in Jesus. It’s more like an expression of confidence:

• I have confidence that the Buddha did, in fact, achieve awakening to a set of truths that are hard to see and important to know if we wish to lead a fulfilled life.
• I have confidence that his formulation of those truths, and of the Path that will allow us to realize their benefits in our lives here and now, is comprehensible and practical; I can understand those truths, and I can follow that Path, and, if I do, I will be better off.
• I have confidence that the community of those who have followed the Buddhadhamma over the centuries—not only Buddhist monks and nuns, but committed and diligent lay followers—has developed a body of techniques and guidance teachings within which I can find the particular words and practices that resonate with my unique condition and can help me reach the goal of liberation that the Buddha claimed as the essence of his teaching.

In session 3 of the Topics course, we will review, briefly, the first two refuges, and we will look into the meaning of the third from several points of view; we will look at the historical development of the sangha, at the role of the sangha within Buddhist doctrine, and at the nature of the sangha today, both in traditionally Buddhist cultures and in our Western society.